Dictionary of the Belhare language

Balthasar Bickel, University of Zurich

This dictionary is a rough conversion of the database deposited in 1997 at the Sino-Tibetan Etymological Dictionary and Thesaurus Project in Berkeley and should be cited as:

Bickel B. 1997. Dictionary of the Belhare language. Electronic database at the Sino-Tibetan Etymological Dictionary and Thesaurus Project, University of California at Berkeley.

Note: The table can be sorted by clicking on the triangles in each header of the table

lemma	root	gloss	PoS	valence.note	Aktionsart
katma	kar-	activated, perceptable, make itself felt	V of possessed experience	N of poss. exp.	INGR-PHASAL
simma	sims-	(be)come paresthetic, tingle, fall asleep (of a limb)	V of possessed experience	N of poss. exp.	INGR-PHASAL
yokma	yok-	shiver, tremble (also from fear), quake	V (monovalent)	NMA-Object
cima	cis-	be(come) cold (of things, not of weather or feelings)	V of sensed experience
khanma	khand-	be(come) beautiful, nice, well-behaved	V of sensed experience	Secondary Object	INCHO/DELIM
khikma	khikt-	be(come) bitter	V of sensed experience		TELIC/DELIM
namma	nams-	smell (good or bad), stink	V of sensed experience		INGR-PHASAL
suma	sus-	1. be(come) sour; 2. itch	V of sensed experienceV (bivalent)	NMA-Object	INGR-PHASAL
tama		be perceptible, make itself felt, be activated, (positively) affected by	V of possessed experience	N of poss. exp.	INGR-PHASAL
hotma	hott-	bring U (right up) to somewhere, lead, guide to, make appear, escort	V (bivalent)	zero goal possible
khepma	khept-	stick, fasten, glue to sth.	V (monovalent)V (bivalent)		TELIC/DELIM
yaŋma	yaŋ-	1. carry by hand; 2. handle, use	V (bivalent)	zero goal possible
hamma	hams-	limit, enclose, fence, cover	V (trivalent)
huŋma		warm oneself (by the fire, in the sun)	V (monovalent)
khupma	khupt-	1. cover so. [+anim] with U (by constrast to tepma which is neutral as to animacy of U); 2. come to cover the whole surface, come into agreement (of inanimate things), fit	V (trivalent)		TELIC
phukma	phukt-	fill up, cover with soil, bury	V (trivalent)
phetma	phett-	1. move sth across within the YU-angle, reach (of years of age as the A-argument); 2. get sth to U, drive (of cows, bikes etc.) across (only on YU); 3. Aktionsart modifier indicating an across (YU) trajectory for the benefit of U	V (trivalent)AA-modifier
luma	lu+r-	tell sth to U, call sth. U, invite U	V (trivalent)	Secondary Objectfinite Snominalised S	DELIMITATIVE
phipma	phipt-	stick into a flat container (e.g., of a knife into its container), fix sth. between a narrow gap, squeeze (in)	V (trivalent)
cetma	cett-	give to eat, feed	V (trivalent)		DELIMITATIVE
hakma	hakt-	send sth. (e.g., a letter) to U	V (trivalent)
khutma	khutt-	1. take to U, bring to U, move from one place to another; 2. steal U	V (trivalent)		DELIMITATIVE
kisi lapma	kisi lapt-	ask, ask about /for SO	V (trivalent)
linma	lind-	involuntarily transfer concrete a SO to PO	V (trivalent)
nakma	nakt-	ask for, request, beg from U, borrow from U	V (trivalent)
otma	ott-	give light, light out [a trail]	V (trivalent)
pima	pi+r-	1. give something to U, endow U with something; 2. allow so. to do sth., give the permission to do; 3. the benefactive or malefactive Aktionsart modifier	V (trivalent)AA-modifier	Secondary Objectcitation form	TELIC
sotma	sott-	move, shift, displace, transfer (but not transport sth. over a distance, which is hotma), infect	V (trivalent)
tatma	tar-	bring	V (trivalent)	Secondary Object	DELIMITATIVE
thakma	thakt-	take up	V (trivalent)
yotma	yott-	add, refill (a plate, dish, glass) for so.	V (trivalent)
yukma	yukt-	1. keep U [food etc.] for so.; 2. fix (with glue, wax etc.) sth. that got loose (e.g., a khukuri's handle), make firm, fast, stable, sure	V (trivalent)		0
yuma	yus-	sleepy [only after mik 'eye']	V of possessed experience	Poss. Exp.	INGR-PHASAL
remsumik		envy	N of experience		0
cama	ca-	[the auxiliary for reciprocal constructions with V-ka-V and passive nominalizations in ka-V-pa or ka-V-ma]	light verb (intransitive)	bare root
cama	ca-	[the auxiliary for reciprocal constructions with V-ka-V and passive nominalizations in ka-V-pa or ka-V-ma]	light verb (intransitive)	bare root
khaca		[marker of the adversative passive]	Verb-Sf
thanma	thand-	lift up sth. and put it on a surface vertically higher than the original	V (sesquivalent)	Goal as LOC
thenma	thend-	move by lifting up sth. and put it in another place	V (sesquivalent)	Goal as LOC
likma	lik-	enter, go into (also into a forest, a valley), be pressed, crushed in, become invisible, disappear	V (monovalent+)	Goal as LOC	PUNCTUAL
hutluŋ		hearth made of three stones arranged in a triangle	N
ikma	ik-	take out (a liquid from a container)	V (sesquivalent)	Source as MED
wanma	wand-	jiggle, shake (e.g., passengers in a bus), move back and forth [tr.]	V (bivalent)		DELIMITATIVE
khatma	khar-	go (off, away)	V (monovalent+)	zero goal possible	INGR-PHASAL
samet		1. public aspect of soul; 2. clan ancestor, deity; 3. ritual name [also of objects]	N		0
kakma	kakt-	cross (a hill, a river, a border etc.), transgress, trespass	V (monovalent)
koma	kos-	(let) fall (down)	V (monovalent)V (bivalent)		INCHOATIVE
a'chumbu		the day before yesterday, two days ago	Adverb
a'samba		last night, yesterday evening	Adverb
ak'kasa		much, many, a lot, often	Adverb
akma	akt-	weave (clothes, mats, but not baskets, for which phama is used)			DELIMITATIVE
akma	akt-	be(come) chapped (of lips and skin)			INGR-PHASAL
ama	a+r-	1. fall down, into; 2. die [of people; very polite]	V (monovalent)		PUNCTUAL
ama	a+r-	1. belong to, be in a possessive relation to, be a kin of; 2. located [of non-movable objects only]			DELIMITATIVE
ama	a+r-	burn, light, instigate	V (monovalent)V (bivalent)		PUNCTUAL
ambiu		mango	N
amma	ams-	make sth. shoot, fire (a gun), cause sth. to explode,
amma	ams-	wrestle	V (monovalent)	COMITATIVE	DELIMITATIVE
amma	ams-	shake, flap (to remove dust), brush (from dust)	V (bivalent)		DELIMITATIVE
anma	and-	1. fill in, pour, put into a container, constrain, put in jail (cf. chakma) ; 2. sow (cf. letma)	V (sesquivalent)	Goal as LOCzero goal possible	TELIC
apma	ab-	come over, across (on the same YU-level as the speaker)	V (monovalent)
apma	ab-	shoot	V (bivalent)		PUNCTUAL
asen		yesterday, before, earlier	Adverb
asenba		before, in former days (more remote than asenle)	Adverb
asenle		earlier	Adverb
asenle		before, in former days (less remote than asenba)
atma	att-	be visible, can be seen, appear	V (monovalent)		DELIMITATIVE
atma	att-	strike, hit (on a vertical downward trajectory only; only of inanimate A's)	V (bivalent)
atma	att-	1. serve, deal out (meal), feed (animals), put into a plate, add (food, fertilizer etc.) to sth., fill, refill ; 2. fit a part into its proper place, range	V (sesquivalent)	Goal as LOC
aũa		sap, glue (from pine)	N
aũara		a kind of wild tree producing small green sour fruits that are ripe in July/August (limnanthemum cistatum, acc. to Dhan Prasad Rai)	N
aũbu		the day before yesterday, two days ago	Adverb
aŋbu		a kind of pine tree	N
aŋghuk		kidney	N of relation
aŋghulik		finger, toe (of humans only)	N of relation
aŋma	aŋs-	fall, fall over, slip, stumble	V (monovalent)		PUNCTUAL
aŋma	aŋd-	bear (pain, annoying talk etc.), suffer, endure, tolerate	V (bivalent)		DELIMITATIVE
aŋma	aŋs-	fell (as of a tree)	V (bivalent)
aŋma	aŋs-	fall, fall over, slip, stumble	V (monovalent)		PUNCTUAL
baheri		outdoors, outside	Adverb
bakma	bakt-	pleat, twist (of hair, a thread etc.)	V (bivalent)		DELIMITATIVE
banma	band-	1. pour sth into sth. while stirring (e.g., flour); 2. stumble, stagger	V (sesquivalent)	Goal as LOC	DELIMITATIVE
bara	bar [_V]	extremely extended in the dimension specified by V	Adverb
baraulo		huge, big (of things that grow)	Adverb
baʔwa		gruel, cheap and poor soup (fed to people or animals)	N
bekma	bekt-	fold, plait			INCHOATIVE
beʔwa		duck	N
bhale		rooster	N
bheni		morning	Adverb
bhia		marriage, wedding	N
bhoga		maize cob (full)	N of relation
bomma	boms-	curl up, hide oneself by curling up, turn upside down (only for a vertical turn from the right side to the wrong side — not vice versa)	V (bivalent)
bopma	bopt-	cover U with sth. on the flat ground, patch up (a hole in clothes etc.)	V (sesquivalent)	Instr as ERG
bora		soya, soya bean	N
bʌl		power	N
caleppa		flat bread
cama	ca-	1. eat; 2. enjoy (a party), have as employment, have as a problem, need (of energy, of a technical device)	V (monovalent)		DELIMITATIVE
cama		food, rice	N
camci		spoon	N
camma	cams-	afraid, shy, balk (of animals, by contrast to kitma which is for humans as well)	V (monovalent)	Source as ABL
canma	cand-	eat, graze	V (bivalent)		PUNCTUAL
cappara	cʌppara	spade, hoe with a long handle	N
carkondik		goiter	N of relation
casak		husked rice, corn	N
cauri-pit		yak	N
caŋma	caŋs-	sift (as of rice, corn etc.), cull, select	V (bivalent)
cece		meat	N
cecereũat		a flat black stone with a smooth surface which is said to fall down from the sky during lightenings. If kept in the fireplace, the stone is believed to protect against earthquakes, lightenings and other nature disasters.	N
cekma	cek-	1. say, speak, talk; 2. tell	V (monovalent)V (bivalent)	finite S	DELIMITATIVE
cenma	cend-	wake up (from sleep, by contrast to khonma, q.v.)	V (monovalent)		PUNCTUAL
cepma	cept-	cut by hitting (moving up and down, by contrast to hekma.) [of meat and flesh only], kill	V (sesquivalent)	Instr as ERG	DELIMITATIVE
ceŋma	ceŋs-	cut (e.g. tree branches and grass into small pieces with a khukuri)	V (bivalent)		DELIMITATIVE
cha		[the additive clitic, glossed as 'ADD'] also, even, -ever (as in whoever)	free clitic
cha		child, offspring (human and animals)	N
chakma	chakt-	1. restrain, hinder, block, put in cage or prison, stop; 2. hard, difficult, tough, ropy (of concrete things, by contrast to nepma, q.v.)	V (bivalent)V of sensed experience		DELIMITATIVE
chakma	chak-	carve, carpent (wooden tools such as handles, yokes etc.; not of furniture)	V (bivalent)		0
chanma	chand-	stack, put on top of each other	V (bivalent)		INCHOATIVE
chapma	chapt-	write, print, stamp	V (bivalent)		INCHOATIVE
chatma	chatt-	put leaves or other flat things next to each other, slightly overlapping (as when making a topara 'leaf plate')	V (bivalent)
chaŋma	chaŋs-	crowd together, assemble in one place	V (monovalent)V (bivalent)
chechuʔwa		nettle (girardina heterophylla, acc. to Turner)	N
chekatni		clothes	N
chekma	chekt-	1. pinch; 2. produce pickles (acār)	V (bivalent)
chemba		truth	N
chemma	chems-	irritate, burn (as of nettles)	V (bivalent)
chenma	chend-	select, choose, sort out (the best or better from the worse)	V (bivalent)
chepma		urine	N	V of poss. exp.
chepma	chept-	test (food), taste	V (bivalent)		PUNCTUAL
chepmabuŋ		urine bladder	N of relation
chetma	chett-	set up a wall	V (bivalent)		INCHOATIVE
cheŋma	cheŋs-	be(come) clear of dirt and sediments (of liquids)	V (monovalent)		INCHOATIVE
chi	chik [pron., imper.]	1. nonsingular number suffix; 2. dual suffix (in first and second person pronouns and in sf; 4 of verbal inflection)	Verb-SfNoun-Sf
chiat		spit (n.)	N	V of poss. exp.
chikluat		a kind of non-flying, black and red striped mid-size ant that bites	N
chikma	chikt-	measure	V (bivalent)
chikma		[measurig unit for rice, flour etc., used together with a classifier]	N of relation
chim		aunt, father's younger brother's wife, mother's sisters (?)	N of relation
chima	chis-	pour or take out a small amount of liquid (such as water from water hole)
chima	chi+r- (?)	wash (of one's body[parts] only)	V (bivalent)
chimma	chims-	filter (e.g., beer)	V (bivalent)
chimma		the year after the next year, in two years	Adverb
chimmetniŋ		the year before last year, two years ago	Adverb
chind-		[the reflexive marker]	AA-modifier
chinma	chind-	hurt, feal heavy (only from carrying loads, by contrast to tukma which is general)	V of possessed experience	N of poss. exp.	INGR-PHASAL
chinumba		the day after tomorrow	Adverb
chipma	chipt-	fall, involuntarily hit on an animate being (vertically)	V (bivalent)
chipma	chipt-	take out (water from boiling rice)	V (bivalent)
chirumet		rest, relic
chit		1. marrow (of bones, of a tree); 2. saliva	N of relation
chit		dyedness (only with hembat 'lungi')	N
chitma	chitt-	find, meet, get	V (bivalent)
chiŋma	chiŋs-	rinse, wash (with water)	V (bivalent)
chiŋma	chiŋs-	tie, pull firm (with arope)	V (bivalent)
chokma	chokt-	point at U with a finger or the lips	V (bivalent)
chom		1. top, highest point, peak, climax; 2. desire (n.)	N of relationN of experience	V of poss. exp.
chomet		needle	N
chomma	choms-	1. be(come) mad, crazy; 2. sharpen, point (as of stick in order to kill a pig with it)	V (monovalent)V (bivalent)
chonma	chond-	refuse (to do sth.), disagree (with doing sth.)	V (monovalent)	citation form
chopmasik		finger-nail, nail of finger or toe (of humans only)	N of relation
chot		fat, grease	N of relation
chotma	chott-	make, break into pieces (of stones, bread etc.)	V (bivalent)
choŋ		solar plexus	N of relation
choŋma	choŋs-	sell	V (bivalent)		PUNCTUAL
chuhip		sugar-cane	N
chukma	chukt-	land (of birds on tree)	V (monovalent)		TELIC
chukma		be marketable, sell well	V (monovalent)		DELIMITATIVE
chukuma		a kind of tree, shorea robusta	N
chum		caste (in the Nepalese that equates ethnic groups and Hindu castes), kind, type	N
chuma	chur-	tie (up), fetter, chain, fix, secure	V (sesquivalent)	Instr as ERG
chuma	chus-	fat (of butter, grease, etc.)	V (monovalent)		DELIMITATIVE
chumbu		the wooden container in which grain is husked (hokma)	N
chumma	chums-	fasten (a belt, a sash, etc.)	V (bivalent)
chunma	chund-	draw back, shorten, shrink	V (monovalent)V (bivalent)
chupma	chupt-	close, shut	V (bivalent)
chupma		cover, lid	N of relation
chuŋma	chuŋs-	cough	V (monovalent)
chuŋma	chuŋs-	bundle (up), make a bundle of sth with a piece of cloth, tissue etc.	V (sesquivalent)	Goal as LOC
ciblik		bed-bug	N
cicirik		small grass seeds that tend to stick to clothes	N
cigulo		a bit	Adverb
ciikha	ciiʔ-	small, little	A
ciiʔna		small [head noun with specific reference], a small one	A
cik		detest (n., archaic)	N of experience	V of poss. exp.
cik	cig	with small extension	Adverb
ciktulo		a bit of sth.	A
cimbhoŋ		porridge-like meal made from finely grained corn flour	N
cinma	cin+d-	1. learn, teach; 2. ausleeren	V (monovalent)V (bivalent)	citation form	DELIMITATIVE
ciplik		bed-bug	N
cipma		detest (n.)	N of experience	V of poss. exp.
cippa		a bit, a few, a little, a bit more/less	Adverb
ciraŋ		evil spirit
cittaŋ		stingy, miserly, somebedoy who always wants to avaid any expenses (vs. ŋama, q.v.)	N
co'coŋgi		star	N
cokkatleŋ	cokkotleŋ	upright, the right way	Adverb
cokma	cog-	do, make	V (bivalent)light verb (variable)		DELIMITATIVE
cokpa		filter (for filtering beer; made of bamboo strings but with finer holes than the yoŋci, q.v., has)	N
conma	cond-	put it order, put aside, store up (e.g., grain), clear away	V (bivalent)
copma	copt-	go and have a closer look at something, peep, spy	V (bivalent)
cotma	cott-	put together into sth., clean up (as of rice into the Dhiki hole), heap up, gather	V (bivalent)
coŋ		top, tip, peak	N of relation
cua		water, metaphorically also for tears, semen and other excrements	N
cumma	cums-	prepare (things), pack, put into sth. in order to carry	V (bivalent)
cupma	cupt-	narrow, filled, shrunk together	V (monovalent)		INGR-PHASAL
cuptaŋ		right, right hand	N of relation
cuttima		the little tuft of hair left on the crown of men when they shave their heads (a Hindu symbol)	N of relation
cuŋcuŋcuŋ		1. cold [temperature], cold [sickness]; 2. cold [sickness]	N		0
cʌppara		see cappara
dabe(k)		see dabhek
dabhek	dabhe, dabek, dabe	large Nepalese-style knife	N
damma	dams-	crush (as of grass when walking through), press, flatten, make fall	V (bivalent)
dapma	dapt-	hammer, knock, strike, bang	V (bivalent)
dari		moustache, beard	N of relation
daŋma	daŋs-	tilt, lean over or down (e.g., of a bottle, kettle etc. in order have a look inside)	V (bivalent)
dheru		langur	N
dhupma	dhupt-	flatten, broken, make blunt, unsharp	V (monovalent)V (bivalent)		PUNCTUAL
dikma	dikt-	cut down (branches)	V (bivalent)
dolca		bed cover or sheet to lie on	N
doŋma	doŋs-	come to stand, to come to a halt (like yepma, but only for the chnage of state, not for the state itself)	V (monovalent)		PUNCTUAL
dubulki		V-shaped pot (as it is used in distillation)	N
dukma	dukt-	lay down lengthwise, lace, cord	V (bivalent)
dummu		darkness, in the dark	N
dʌsa		bad luck	N	V of poss. exp.
e		with much extension	Adverb
eba		uncle, father's elder brother	N of relation
eikha		big, large, tall	A
eiʔna		big, large, tall [head noun with specific reference], a big one	A
ekchin		(for) a moment	Adverb		DELIMITATIVE
ekchinna		in a moment	Adverb		TELIC
ekchuma		sash, girdle, any cloth bound around the hips	N
ekchumma		sash, the long piece of cloth that women tied around their waist as a belt and as place to store things	N
ekchuri		1. spine, backbone; 2. metonymically also for the whole back (e.g.,	N of relation
ekketleŋ		the wrong way, upside down	Adverb
ekma	ek-	break (of longish things only like corn stalks, a bone etc.; for other things like stones, etc. hema is used, q.v.)	V (monovalent)V (bivalent)		PUNCTUAL
ellua		a tree from which oil and a sweet yellow fruit is obtained (sterculia coxinia, acc. to Turner)	N
ema		aunt, father's elder's brother's wife, mother's sister (?)	N of relation
emma	ems-	1. get used up, become rare; 2. get overripe, dried out, whither, fade	V (monovalent)
emu		how	Adverb
emuna emuna		from time to time, sometimes	Adverb
enma	en-	uproot, tear out	V (bivalent)
epma	ept-	fan (as of a nāŋglo when winnowing; cf. thapma which is more specific), select (when winnowing; cf. chenma which is more general)	V (bivalent)
etlo		only, restrictive clitic glossed RESTR	free clitic
etma	ett-	track, trace, hunt	V (bivalent)		DELIMITATIVE
eʔwa		like N	Noun-Sf
eʔwa luma	eʔwa lus-	bathe, wash oneself	V (monovalent)
eŋma	eŋs-	be(come) light (in weight)	V (monovalent)		INCHO/DELIM
eŋsua		back (region), after	N of relation
gauppa		burp (n.)	N of experienceN of relation	V of poss. exp.
ghempo		a round clay water vessel	N
ghore		a kind of lentils	N
gomet		wasp	N
habi		chin	N of relation
hagamba		yawn (n.)	N of experience	V of poss. exp.
hakchiũa		sneeze (n.)	N of experience	V of poss. exp.
hakliũa		1. sweat; 2. heat	N of experience	V of poss. exp.
haksua		steam, damp	N
hale		before, a bit earlier	Adverb
hama	ha+r-	bite, snap at (also of witches)	V (bivalent)
hamaluŋ		molar tooth, back tooth	N
hamba		today	Adverb
han		you [pronoun for the second person singular]	Pronoun
hanma	hand-	distribute, dive, share, allot	V (bivalent)
hapma	hap-	cry, weep	V (monovalent)		INGR-PHASAL
hardi		turmeric	N
harditet		yellow	A
hariu		green	A
hatma	hatt-	burn (intr. and trans.), kindle, light	V (monovalent)V (bivalent)		INGR-PHASAL
haŋ		king	N
haŋba	haŋma	owner	N of relation
haŋma	haŋs-	send sth. (only inanimate things; for animate beings, paŋma is used)	V (bivalent)
haŋma		see haŋba
hekma	heg-	saw, cut by moving a sickle (kaceŋa), knife (dabhekŋa) etc. back and forth	V (sesquivalent)	Instr as ERG
helik		blood	N of relation
hema	hes-	(be)come dry	V (monovalent)		INCHOATIVE
hema	her-	break (of roundish objects, by contrast to ekma, q.v.)	V (bivalent)		PUNCTUAL
hembat		woman's dress, lungi	N
henma	hend-	1. laze, rest, lie around idly; 2. produce nurseries	V (monovalent)V (bivalent)
hepma	hept-	stick in, jam [intr.], get stuck	V (monovalent)
hetma	her-	break, shatter (as of a window), become chapped (of lips)	V (monovalent)V (bivalent)		PUNCTUAL
heŋma	heŋs-	distill (beer), make raksi (from beer)	V (bivalent)
heŋmaua		liquor [distilled only once and therefore not very strong]	N		0
hi		shit (n.), stool, excrement	N	V of poss. exp.
hikikpa		hickup (n.)	N of relation	V of poss. exp.
hima	hi+r-	1. be(come) able to, get or have the power and requirements to (with nonfinite subjunctive in -a); 2. finish V, already V, surprisingly V (with citation form in -ma)	light V (transitive)	obl. m-coding Ucitation form	INGR-PHASAL
himma	hims-	stumble, topple over, fall almost or nearly
hipma	hipt-	scratch off, scrape, shave, file	V (bivalent)
hiruʔwa		intestine, gut	N
hisiŋma		ass-hole (vs. miru, which denotes the whole buttocks)	N of relation
hitcama	hitca-	look down upon, detest, think lowly of somebody	V (bivalent)
hitma	hir-	1. look, watch; 2. wait	V (bivalent)		DELIMITATIVE
hiʔwa		wind	N
hiŋma	hiŋs-	live, keep any living or body-related thing (such as animals and other dependents, a moustache, etc.), grow, support (e.g., one's old parents), pet	V (monovalent)V (bivalent)
hogliba		lizard	N
hokma	hog-	pound, beat, husk, grind by pounding	V (bivalent)
homma	homs-	be(come) swelled (from an inflamation)	V (monovalent)
honma	hond-	appear, show up or through sth.	V (monovalent)	N of poss. exp.	INCHOATIVE
hopma	hopt-	drink hot liquids (e.g., tea)
hopmu		much, a lot	Adverb
hotma	hott-	destroy, pull down, smash up	V (bivalent)
hoʔwa		skin, bark, leather	N of relation
hoŋ		hole	N
hoŋma	hoŋs-	pierce, make a hole into U	V (bivalent)
hukma	hukt-	bark (of dogs)	V (monovalent)
hukma	hus-	bark (of tigers and shakals)	V (monovalent)
huma	hu+r-	close a hole by stuffing sth. into it	V (monovalent)
humma	hums-	bury (corpses)	V (bivalent)
hup		button	N of relation
hupma	hupt-	fix, button, tie together	V (bivalent)
huŋma	huŋs-	pay	V (bivalent)
hĩʔĩ		yes	Interjection
i		one (numeral)	Numeral
icha		anything, nothing	Adverb
ika		why	Adverb
ikchuk		a big tree	N
illuara		errands, things to buy	N
ima	is-	shit, stool, defecate	V (bivalent)
imbi		how much	Adverb
imma	ims-	(fall) sleep, lie (down)	V (monovalent)		INCHO/DELIM
in		egg	N of relation
inma	in-	buy	V (bivalent)		PUNCTUAL
inma	ind-	lay (an egg; of chicken, ant, etc.)	V (bivalent)V (monovalent)		TELIC
ipma	ipt-	get full, to be(come) filled [as a result, not in the purely static sense of 'to be full']	V (monovalent)		TELIC
iskul		school	N
it'tiikha		(very) small	A
itti		a bit extended	Adverb
iŋa		beer (made from millet, rice or maize)	N		0
iŋalamma		appetite for beer	N of experience	V of poss. exp.
iŋma	iŋs-	rip up, take off, tear off	V (bivalent)		INCHOATIVE
jaŋgale wa		pheasant	N
kace		sickle	N
kaepma		girl, young unmarried woman	N
kam		work	N
kam cokma	kam cog-	1. work; 2. have sexual intercourse	V (monovalent)	COMITATIVE
kamma	kams-	tie (up), bind	V (bivalent)		TELIC
kapma	kapt-	take somebody with oneself	V (bivalent)
karaŋ		rib	N of relation
kasama		porcupine	N
katma	kar-	come up	V (monovalent)		INGR-PHASAL
kauppa		smith, blacksmith	N
kaʔwa		crow, raven	N
kaŋgarak	kaŋgharak	stomach	N of relation
kaŋgharak		see kaŋgarak
kaŋma	kaŋs-	agree, accept, observe, comply with	V (monovalent+)	COMITATIVE
kaŋma	kaŋs-	stretch out (a leg)	V (bivalent)
kema	kes-	offer, dedicate, sacrifice (to a deity)	V (bivalent)
kenma	kend-	groan, moan	V (monovalent)
keŋ		tooth	N of relation
keŋbu		pole used for husking and grinding in the chumbu, q.v.
keŋcha		the wooden sticks laid out crosswise when building a roof	N of relation
keŋma	keŋs-	1. be at work, be busy in the field; 2. bear fruit (on a plant), prosper	V (monovalent)		DELIMITATIVE
khai		yeast to start beer (iŋa) fermentation, made from rice flour and a special kind of plant	N
khak	hak, ha, kha	nominalizer	Verb-Sf
khakma	khakt	pin (down a needle)
khakmarak		expectoration, discharge from the throat	N	V of poss. exp.
khalbu		a kind of tree	N
kham		soil, mud, clay	N
kham phenabu		pineapple
khama	khas-	be(come) satieted	V of possessed experience	N of poss. exp.	INGR-PHASAL
khambobma		a small kind of bush with needles	N
khamma	khams-	chew, rehash, ruminate	V (bivalent)		DELIMITATIVE
khapma	khapt-	roof [v.], thatch	V (bivalent)
khateː		[interjection accompanying a gesture of modal demonstration],thus, so	Interjection
khatma	khatt-	take U to, transport U	V (sesquivalent)	Goal as LOC	INGR-PHASAL
khawa		wound, hurt, sore	N of relation	V of poss. exp.
khekma	khekt-	stick sth. into sth., introduce (of long thing objects into holes)	V (bivalent)
khema	khes-	1. luring away, take along with by seducing, persuading, enciting; 2. must, have to	V (bivalent)
khemma	khems-	hear	V (bivalent)
khenma	khend-	cut in parts, split crosswise (not lengthwise)	V (bivalent)
kheppara (?)		a kind of pot (used especially for parching pop corn)
khes-		must, should (weak obligation)	light verb (intransitive)	opt. m-coding {S,U}citation form	INGR-PHASAL
khet		heart	N of relation
kheŋma	kheŋs-	1. employ, use; 2. hang up	V (bivalent)		DELIMITATIVE
khi		1. yams; 2. fillet, entrecôte	N
khi'riʔwa		cricket that doesn't jump (unlike the sakuma, q.v.)	N
khim		house, household, home of origin	N	zero goal possible	0
khima	khi-	dispute, quarrel, cry at, be angry with	V (monovalent+)	COMITATIVECause as ABL	DELIMITATIVE
khima	khis-	hang on a branch of a tree or a similar stick protruding from somewhere (by constrast to kheŋma, wich is more general)	V (monovalent)		PUNCTUAL
khimtaŋba		husband, male head of household (arch.)	N of relation
khimtaŋma		wife, female head of household (arch.)	N of relation
khitma	khitt-	comb (hair)	V (sesquivalent)	Instr as ERG
khiŋ		bile, gall	N of relation
khiŋma	khiŋs-	sprinkle, splash water	V (bivalent)
khokma	khokt-	get dry and sticky or stiff, not have enough liquid (as of overcooked noodles, rice eaten without sauce, old meat, a corpse; but not of the earth or wood)	V (monovalent)		PUNCTUAL
khokma	khokt-	cut (hair, finger nails, meat into small pieces; with a khukri or scissors)	V (sesquivalent)	Instr as ERG	DELIMITATIVE
khokpu		a kind of fig tree with eadible figs (ficus cunia, acc. to Turner)	N
khoma	khos-	stir-fry (as of popcorn or soya beans)	V (bivalent)
khomma	khoms-	collect, gather (people, food)	V (bivalent)
khomma		in three years	Adverb
khommetniŋ		four years ago	Adverb
khonma	khond-	recover (of animate beings only)	V (monovalent)
khonumba		three days after tomorrow; in four days	Adverb
khop		container for any solid thing, nest, bed	N of relation
khopma	khopt-	gather, cut (only of firewood)	V (bivalent)		DELIMITATIVE
khopma	khopt-	embrace, surround, enclose, encompass, encircle, gird	V (bivalent)		INGR-PHASAL
khorama		a kind of large millet (panicum crus galli, acc. to Turner)	N
khore		bowl, cup
khotlaŋ		beaten rice	N
khotma	khott-	1. touch; 2. stir-fry	V (bivalent)		DELIMITATIVE
khoŋma	khoŋs-	play	V (monovalent)		DELIMITATIVE
khuma	khu-	carry (on) on the back, shoulder or head	V (bivalent)
khumma	khums-	cover oneself with U	V (bivalent)		TELIC
khupma	khupt-	bite into sth. hard, crack (of a piece of Nepalese cheese or of a bone for example)	V (bivalent)		PUNCTUAL
khuʔwaba		a kind of small owl (umik boptu)	N
ki	kina	sequence indicating clause final conjunction	Clause-Sf
kia		oil	N
kiba		tiger	N		0
kibhek		crab	N
kibhorok	kibrok	sweet potato	N
kibrok		see kibhorok
kiduma		a kind of wild animal (eats bees, kills but doesn't eat chicken, black fur, small as a cat)	N
kima	kis-	roll	V (monovalent)V (bivalent)
kimma	kims-	mix (corn, rice or powdery stuff like flour, etc.) into a something	V (sesquivalent)	Goal as LOC
kinma		abstuetzen, sicher stellen, dass etw. nich faellt
kipma	kitma	fear [n.]	N of experience	V of poss. exp.	0
kira		neutral numeral classifier	Classifier
kitma	kitt-	afraid of so., fear	V (bivalent)		INGR-PHASAL
kitma		see kipma
kitma	kitt-	afraid of so., fear	V (bivalent)		INGR-PHASAL
kochu		dog	N
kokma	kokt-	go around U (e.g., a stupa)	V (bivalent)
koksu		big caterpillar living on trees (kasuyu!)	N
komma	koms-	enclose, lie around sth.	V (bivalent)		INGR-PHASAL
konma	kond-	want, look for, search	V (bivalent)light verb (variable)	opt. m-coding Ucitation form	DELIMITATIVE
kopma	kop-	pick up (from below, by contrast to phikma which is general)	V (bivalent)		TELIC
koraba		iguana, big earth-coloured/brownish lizard with a long tongue and without a crest	N
kotma	kott-	be(come) brownish red (of leaves only)	V (monovalent)		INCHO/DELIM
koŋba		uncle, mother's brother	N of relation
koŋgila		a kind of small earth-coloured/brownish lizard	N
koŋma		aunt, mother's brother's wife	N of relation
ku		uncle, father's sister's husband	N of relation
kubaŋ		monkey	N
kuma	kus-	feel luke-warm (by nature, not from cooking etc.)	V of sensed experience		INCHO/DELIM
kuma	kus-	become evening (of the sun only)			PUNCTUAL
kunma	kund-	get stuck (in a process), get done half-way	V (bivalent)
kupma	kupt-	disappear behind clouds [of the sun only]	V (monovalent)		INGR-PHASAL
kupma	kupt-	hatch	V (bivalent)		DELIMITATIVE
kuruŋ		nape, back of the neck (vs. toʔwari, q.v.)	N of relation
kuŋma	kuŋs-	bow (down), bend (down)	V (monovalent)V (bivalent)		TELIC/DELIM
la uma	la us-	dance	V (monovalent)		DELIMITATIVE
la umma	la um-	walk (off), wander about	V (monovalent)		INGR-PHASAL
la upma	la upt-	guide, drive off, take away [of animals], walk [tr.]	V (bivalent)
labhok		leaf as a tool (that can be used for something, by constrast to phaʔwa, q.v.)	N
labhokarik		a small kind of bird (making its nest from leaves)	N
lacheũat		moon	N
lacoŋ		banana tree leaf	N
lakhe		wait a minute!	Interjection
lakma	lakt-	(come to) boil	V (monovalent)		INGR-PHASAL
lalik		seed, sperm, semen	NN of relation	V of poss. exp.
lama	las-	1. return, turn back, give back, ; 2. become late, old (only with pasiŋ 'old man' or nam 'sun'); 3. address	V (monovalent)V (bivalent)		INGR-PHASAL
lambu		way, path, trail, treck	N
lamma		appetite	N of experienceN of relation		0
lamma		[the mediative case marker], via, through, from	Noun-Sf
lamma	lams-	whistle
lampa		in the direction of	Noun-Sf
lapma	lapt-	be(come) about to, almost V	light verb (variable)	obl. m-coding Ucitation form	INGR-PHASAL
lapma	lab-	catch, fetch, seize, capture	V (bivalent)
lapthaŋ		wing	N of relation
latma	lar-	1. take off the fire; 2. buy from home delivery	V (bivalent)
laũat		handle (as of a spade)	N of relation
laʔwama		a kind of wild dove	N
laŋ		leg, foot	N of relation	V of poss. exp.
laŋma	laŋs-	be(come) hot (of non-food, e.g., a pan)	V (monovalent)		INCHO/DELIM
lekma	leg-	lick	V (bivalent)
lemba		daytime	Adverb
lemma	lems-	persuade by, coax, seduce	V (bivalent)
lemmaŋ		awakeness, real life	N
lepma	lept-	throw down, knock down, cause to fall, throw away (waste)
leppha		1. tongue, tongue of shoes; 2. language	N of relationN of experience	V of poss. exp.	0
letma	lett-	1. [negative forms only, preceded by miN-V:] not want to V, be without V-ing; 2. plant	V (monovalent)	negative converb	PUNCTUAL
letma	le+r-	let [go, pass], let out (e.g., cows to graze), leave, unleash, drop, allow	V (bivalent)		DELIMITATIVE
leŋ		[the directive case marker locating an object within an angle spreading out from the current deictic origin and including the referent of N.]	Noun-Sf
leŋma	leŋs-	be(come) directed to, turned, face, turn (tr.), leaf (through a book), deal out (e.g. rice from the pot into a plate)	V (monovalent)V (sesquivalent)	Goal as DIR	INCHO/DELIM
li		penis	N of relation	V of poss. exp.
likma	likt-	be(come) weighty, heavy	V (monovalent)		INCHO/DELIM
lim		sprout, shoot, blade of grass	N
lima	lis-	1. the non-existential copula 'be, become'; 2. be(come) all-right, be(come) enough	V (monovalent)		INCHO/DELIM
limma	lims-	1. be(come) tasty, good, delicious; 2. taste sensitive, able to taste (by positive-neutral metonymy as with Engl. high-hight/lowt)	V (monovalent)		INCHO/DELIM
limma	lims-	lift sth. by pressing on a balance (e.g., on a .dhikī)	V (bivalent)
liũat		thatch, dry grass, straw	N
liŋma	liŋs-	get U into sth., make enter	V (bivalent)
lok		the comitative suffix; with, by	Verb-SfNoun-Sf
lokma	lokt-	jump over, cross	V (bivalent)
lokma	log-	bring, take U down from above	V (bivalent)
lomma	loms-	beat severely by a stick or other big instrument (vs. tenma which is general or upma which refers to beating by the fist)
lopma	lopt-	drink, eat with touching the plate or glass (making it ju.tho )	V (bivalent)
loppa		now, at this moment	Adverb
lotliŋ		Nepalese-style shirt	N
lotma	lott-	lie, sit on U	V (bivalent)		INGR-PHASAL
lotmaha		bedding	N
loŋma	loŋs-	run by jumping in big steps	V (monovalent)
lugliba		earthquacke	N
lukma	lug-	spill, pour away, throw away, (metaph.) die out	V (monovalent)V (bivalent)
lukma		liver	N of relation
lum		between	N of relation
luma	lus-	perceptible, to make itself felt	V of sensed experience	Poss. Exp.	INGR-PHASAL
lumma	lums-	put, press, push, pour into U (e.g., the plough into the soil, wood into the fire, water into a container etc.), penetrate U (also in a sexual sense; typically in the women's speech collocation pokhari lumma 'to have sex', lit., 'to push into the pond')	V (bivalent)
lunma	lund-	set [of the sun and the moon]	V (monovalent)		PUNCTUAL
luŋghek		stone, rock	N
ma		1. mother; 2. the teknonymic derivative for women	N of relationNoun-Sf		HUM
mag hopma	mag hopt-, ma hopt-	wash clothes	V (monovalent)
make		maize, corn	N
makkhorokma	makkhorok-	black	A		0
makkorop		1. a kind of bird (?); 2. joking name for Khumbu Rais	N
makma	makt-	1. burn (the hair off a dead animal), blacken; 2. be(come) black (due to the impact of fire or sun), dark-skinned, tanned	V (monovalent)V (bivalent)		INCHO/DELIM
maksa		bear	N
maksabu		a big kind of tree (terminalia fomentosa, acc. to Turner, s.v. sāj)	N
mama	mas-	lose, get lost, get rare, rarely	V (monovalent)V (bivalent)		PUNCTUAL
mamma	mams-	to draw back one's lower lips as a threatening expression, threaten by drawing back one's lower lips	V (bivalent)
man		honour [of deities/ancestors]	N	V of poss. exp.
mandulaŋ		rest	N of relation
manma	mand-	finish (tr.), come to an end (intr.)	V (monovalent)V (bivalent)light verb (intransitive)	obl. m-coding Ucitation form	TELIC
manu		cat	N
marci		chilli, red pepper	N
masiŋ		old woman (respectful term of reference)	N
matma	matt-	tell, narrate sth.	V (bivalent)	nominalised S
maʔa chima	maʔa chir-	wash one's hand	V (monovalent)
maʔi		person, human being	N
maŋ		god, ancestor, spirit	N
maŋ		unripe or uncooked stage of sth.	N of relation
maŋca		ritual food	N
maŋcu		lie, pretense, joke (vs. ucaca, which is a serious lie)	N
maŋghek		1. a kind of bird with a prominent crest; 2. joking name for Limbus (named so metaphorically because of their topis)	N
maŋghuk		garlic	N
meacha		woman, female, wife (cf. German seine Frau)	N
mekhli		traditional woman's dress with a large blouse tied up to form a container	N
mekma	mekt-	like, love [of persons and things, but of one's children]	V (bivalent)		DELIMITATIVE
meri		she-goat, female goat (after having calved for the first time)
merua		flying female termite, white ant	N
meruba		she-goat, female goat (after having calved for the first time)
mesik		black lentil (seeds)	N
metma	mett-	cause, make, do	V (bivalent)light V (transitive)	bare root	DELIMITATIVE
meua		papaya
meŋgacha		earthworm, tadpole, pollywog etc.	N
meŋma	meŋs-	be sulky, obstinate	V (monovalent)		DELIMITATIVE
mi		fire	N
mi huŋma	mi huŋ-	warm oneself by the fire	V (monovalent)
mihatnaluŋ		firestone	N
mik		eye	N of relation	V of poss. exp.
mik umuŋ		eyelash	N of relation
mikphuŋ		eyebrow	N of relation
mila		tail	N
miluppa		the big stick that is kept glowing in the fire-place	N
mirambhuk		glowing stick or branch (often used as light on the way in the dark)	N
miru		buttock, bottom	N of relation
misen nima	misen nis-	(get to) know so., be(come) acquainted with	V (bivalent)		INGR-PHASAL
missa missa		interruptedly	Adverb
mitliŋgi		fire-fly	N
mitma	mitt-	think, consider, remember	V (bivalent)light verb (variable)	opt. m-coding Ucitation formnominalised Sfinite S	DELIMITATIVE
miuma		rat, mouse	N
miʔwa		tears	N	V of poss. exp.
mokkha		veranda, porch	N
momma	moms-	protect (plants etc.) by covering them with sth. (e.g., with stingy branches)	V (bivalent)
motma	mott-	rot away, decay (on non-food only)	V (monovalent)		PUNCTUAL
moŋma	moŋs-	warm up, make hot, heat up (water, any food as long as enough liquid is added)	V (bivalent)
mu	pmu (after V)	at N down there (MU-angle)	Case
mu!		down there (in the MU-angle)	Interjection
muk		arm, hand	N of relation	V of poss. exp.
mukkuli		large wild lime of which everything but the skin is eaten, including the white part; citrus medica, acc. to Turner	N
mukma	mukt-	be heard, can be heard
muliga		radish	N
mun		mouth	N of relation
mun dhupma	mun dhupt-	talk, chatter with somebody	V (monovalent)	COMITATIVE	DELIMITATIVE
muncuma		house-fly, small fly	N
mundhum		ritual codex, history	N
munditma	munditt-	see munma
munma	mund-, munditt-	forget	V (bivalent)light V (transitive)	obl. m-coding Ucitation formnominalised S	TELIC
mura		grandmother and her sisters (through either parent), any old woman (in respectful, polite address and reference)	NN of relation
mutma	mutt-	kindle U (the fire) by blowing	V (bivalent)
muŋ		hair (on the body), fur, feathers	N of relation
na		elder sister	N of relation
na		1. proximal demonstrative; 2. suffixed article indicating specific reference; 3. topic marker	PronounAVerb-Sf
nabhak		face	N of relation
nag lokma	nag log-	borrow to so. (of food, e.g., corn when somebody doesn't have enough for the current year; not of money etc.)	V (bivalent)
nam		sun	N
nam huŋma	nam huŋ-	warm oneself in the sun	V (monovalent)
nama	na+r-	1. abstain from, refrain from, not eat; 2. stop	V (bivalent)light V (transitive)	obl. m-coding Ucitation form	DELIMITATIVE
namba		wife's or brother's wife's father and his brothers, father-in-law, uncle-in-law	N of relation
namcheũwat		twilight in the morning, morning dusk	N
namciŋ		cheek	N of relation
namdaŋ		forehead	N of relation
namma		wife's or brother's wife's mother and her sisters, mother-in-law, aunts-in-law	N of relation
nammet		younger brother's, son's, or grandson's wife	N of relation
namniŋ		last year	Adverb
nania		this year	Adverb
nanma	nand-	rub, smear	V (sesquivalent)	Goal as LOC	DELIMITATIVE
napma	napt-	snatch, take away	V (bivalent)
napsik		dry mucus, discharge from the nose	N of relation
nara		strap connecting yoke and plough	N
nari		nose	N of relation
nas lima	nas lis-	1. get destroyed, break; 2. die [of people; polite]	V (monovalent)
naso		vein, artery	N of relation
naũat		snot, discharge from the nose (moist; otherwise it is napsik, q.v.)	N of relation
naʔwa		loan, borrowed money	N
naŋgolo		winnowing-tray	N
nekma	nekt-	smear, plaster mud or cowdung, clean, shrub	V (bivalent)
nemma	nems-	dry on/by the fire, roast (so that it gets crunchy)	V (bivalent)
nemma		next year	Adverb
nepma	nept-	be soft, tender (opposite of chakma, q.v.)	V of sensed experience		DELIMITATIVE
neʔwasa		red meat, as opposed to fat	N of relation
ni		aunt, father's sister	N of relation
nilo		blue	A
nima	nis-	see, (get to) know, can (only in the sense of Fr. savoir, not pouvoir)	V (bivalent)light V (transitive)	obl. m-coding Ucitation formnominalised Sfinite S	INGR-PHASAL
nini		small (pre-school) child	N
niũa		mind, soul	N of relation	V of poss. exp.
niŋ		name, personality	N of relation	V of poss. exp.
niŋma	niŋs-	look like, appear	V (monovalent)
nokacik		brain	N of relation
nua		bird	N
nubhek		ear	N of relation
nucha		younger sibling; metaphorically anucha kancha for 'penis'	N of relation
nukma	nug-	grind or rub to small pieces or powder (as of chewing tobacco, for instance)	V (bivalent)		DELIMITATIVE
numa	nus-	get healed, healthy, recovered etc.	V (monovalent)		TELIC
numa	nus-	may, be allowed, permitted	light verb (intransitive)	obl. m-coding {S,U}citation form	DELIMITATIVE
okma	og-	strip off, pull down, cut in long strings (of bamboo)	V (bivalent)
okma	okt-	cry (of a rooster)	V (monovalent)
okma	og-	bite (of snakes), peck (of birds), (metaphorically:) hit with a sharp utensil
oktruʔwa		see okturuʔwa
okturuʔwa	oktruʔwa	a kind of woodpecker	N
oma	os-	shine, glitter	V (monovalent)
omak		soup or sauce served as a side dish, typically made of lentils or pulses	N
ombuʔwa		quail	N
omma	oms-	be(come) white, pale	V (monovalent)		INCHO/DELIM
omma		in two years	Adverb
ommetniŋ		three years ago	Adverb
onma	ond-	1. open (a door); 2. strip (off), make naked, peel off (a skin)	V (bivalent)
onumba		two days after tomorrow, in three days	Adverb
opma	opt-	light, illuminate	V (bivalent)
opphara		flea	N
ottu		highly extended	Adverb
oŋma	oŋs-	take off, out (e.g., skin)	V (bivalent)		INCHOATIVE
pa		father, any elder person (in polite address and reference)	N of relation		0
pakma	pag-	take out of the pot, deal out distribute (a meal), serve, give	V (bivalent)		PUNCTUAL
pakma	pakt-	lure away, take out somebody (from a relationship, a meeting, conversation), interrupt	V (bivalent)		PUNCTUAL
pama	pas-	grow, increase	V (monovalent)	N of poss. exp.	INCHOATIVE
pamma	pams-	scratch (with fingernail; or of a cat) (strongly, in order to remove something; not for scratching because it itches, for which wamma is used, q.v.)	V (bivalent)		DELIMITATIVE
papma	papt-	become tangled	V of possessed experience	N of poss. exp.	PUNCTUAL
par		kind, type	N
pasiŋ		old man (respectful term of reference)	N
patma	patt-	break, tear up, bite, cut, pierce, drill (so that there is a whole)	V (bivalent)
paŋ		numeral classifier for humans; only for numerals ; 1 - ; 3, after which Nep. loanwords are used	Classifier
paŋ phokma	paŋ phokt-	lie to U, tell a lie to U, joke with U	V (bivalent)
paŋma	paŋs-	(be)come two-dimensionally extended	V (monovalent)		INCHO/DELIM
paŋma	paŋs-	send somebody (U), let go	V (bivalent)		PUNCTUAL
pekma	peg-	peel (off), scratch off (with an instrument)	V (bivalent)		INCHOATIVE
pekpi		weaved carrying basket, made from bamboo strips; typically used for carrying chicken or piglets	N		0
pema	pes-	fly (off)	V (monovalent)		INGR-PHASAL
pema	pes-	vomit, put out the tongue (as when one is surprised for instance)	V (monovalent)		DELIMITATIVE
penma	pend-	come off (of something tied around something else)	V (monovalent)		PUNCTUAL
pepma		nausea, vomit [n.]	N of experience		0
peŋma	peŋs-	break apart, split (across, not lengthwise) (of wood and bamboo only, cf. hetma)	V (bivalent)V (monovalent)		INCHOATIVE
phabeleŋ		red	A
phagdetlem		see phagidetlem
phagidetlem	phagdetlem (reg.)	small, black bat	N
phak		pig	N
phakcilet		little pig	N
phaktaŋ		shoulder	N of relation
phama	phas-	weave (baskets etc., not mats, for which akma is used), pleat (hair)	V (bivalent)
phama	phas-	help
phamma	phams-	weave sth. the wrong way (for both akma and phama)	V (monovalent)
phanma	phand-	prepare threads in order to ripma, q.v.	V (bivalent)
phara		numeral classifier for halves	Classifier
phatma	phatt-	exchange	V (bivalent)
phatma	phar-	pierce	V (bivalent)
phaʔwa		leaf	N
phaŋ		uncle, father's younger brother	N of relation
phaŋma	phaŋs-	build a nest (in order to give birth etc.)	V (bivalent)
pheak		hair (on the head)	N of relation
phekkuli		buckwheat	N
phekma	pheg-	take off (clothes etc.), peel off, twist off (an individual pod from a corn stalk)	V (bivalent)		PUNCTUAL
phema	phes-	stretch out (a limb, an umbrella; vs. kaŋma which applies only to a leg)	V (bivalent)
phenabu		jackfruit, pineapple	N
phendik		axe	N
phenma	phend-	shine [of the sun]	V (monovalent)		0
phenma	phen-	go across, over	V (monovalent)		DELIMITATIVE
phenma	phend-	be(come) one-dimensionally extended, long, short	V (monovalent)
phenma	phend-	tie off, loosen (of sth. tied around sth.)			TELIC
phenmalampa		traverse (on the hill), across	Adverb
phet		flowering, blossoming part of a plant (vs. phuŋ which denotes a flower as a whole)	N of relation
phetma	phett-	flower, blossom	V (monovalent)		DELIMITATIVE
pheĩs		goal or U of V is across; V describes an across trajectory (also adds a [+TEL] feature)	AA-modifier		TELIC
pheŋma	pheŋs-	1. grind in rough pieces (vs. runma/ranma which results in finer grains); 2. plough (often with halo 'plough' as object), yoke	V (bivalent)
pheŋma	pheŋd-	drive off, away, by throwing sth. after sth. (cows, monkeys, etc.)
pheŋsaŋ		left	N of relation
phiba		insect, worm	N
phikma	phig-	pluck (anything from a plant above the ground), pick (fruits from a plant, but not, e.g., a maize pod, for which phekma, or when harvesting, ekma is used)	V (bivalent)
phila		thigh	N of relation
phima	phis-	fart	V (monovalent)
phinma	phind-	squeeze, press out, wring, milk	V (bivalent)
phipma		fart	N of experience
phok		belly, stomach, womb (incl. hiruŋwa, kaŋgarak etc.)	N of relation
phokkarem		offal	N of relation
phokma	phok-	raise so. or sth. (also of money, taxes, funding etc.), collect (money), wake up	V (bivalent)		INCHOATIVE
phom		hail, hailstone	N
phonma	phond-	take out from the soil (stones, roots, etc.)	V (bivalent)
phorok		frog	N
photma	phott-	mix	V (bivalent)
phu	bu	[hearsay, report and narrative marker; glossed as REP]	free clitic
phu		elder brother	N of relation
phu		earthenware pot [must not be taken out of the house; otherwise it must be purified by burning it for about an hour]	N
phucilet		small earthenware pot
phunma	phund-	open by force (such as taking off the lid of sth. or a nail out of a wooden plank, etc.)	V (bivalent)
phura		grandfather and his brothers (both matri- and patrilineal), any old person (in respectful, polite address and reference)	NN of relation
phutma	phur-	crack off, tear off, disconnect, disrupt	V (bivalent)
phutma	phutt-	be(come) bleached, gray (of hair), white	V (monovalent)		INCHO/DELIM
phuturu		white	A
phuŋ		flower, metaphorically also for the vagina	NN of relation
phuŋma	phuŋs-	heap up	V (bivalent)
pia		hard millet (panicum italicum, acc. to Turner; big grains and eaten as bhāt, vs. sambhok, q.v., which can only used as flour)	N
pikgama	pikga+r-	fall down	V (monovalent)		PUNCTUAL
pikma	pig-	take leave (e.g., from a job or assignment)	V (monovalent+)
pinma	pind-	run	V (monovalent)		DELIMITATIVE
pipisiŋ		straw to drink with	N
pipma		suck, absorb [tr.]	V (bivalent)
pit		cow	N
pitcha		child	N
pok	bok	numeral classifier for small things; only used for numbers ; 1 - ; 3	Classifier
pokma	pok-	rise, stand up, emerge, be(come) errected (also of the penis)	V (monovalent)		INCHOATIVE
pokma	pokt-	leave behind, abandon, pass, take over	V (bivalent)
poppala		eggplant, aubergine, brinjal	N
poŋghorok		ant	N
poŋma	poŋs-	1. explode; 2. get born	V (monovalent)		PUNCTUAL
ppa	-ppa	the teknonymic derivative for men	Noun-Sf
pucha		snake	N
pumma	pumd-	take up a handful and press it	V (bivalent)
punma	pund-	weed, keep clean, hoe (with a cappara, vs. sakma)	V (bivalent)
putma	pur-	tear apart, get cracked off	V (bivalent)V (monovalent)
rak		the invisible part of something, interior	N of relation
rakma	rakt-	get tired (from work etc.), exhausted	V (monovalent)		INCHOATIVE
ranma	rand-, runma, rund-	grind (corn)	V (bivalent)
rapma	rapt-	exceed, be(come) too hard, too fermented, too sour, overcooked, etc.	V (monovalent)V (bivalent)
ratma	ratt-	cry (out), shout, scold (off) (of people, shakals, cats etc.)	V (monovalent)
raʔwa		bush, grass, fodder	N
raŋgaba		spider	N
raŋgaset		centipede (red, small)	N
raŋgi		earthenware sieve, pot with large round holes (as it is used for distillation)	N
raŋma	raŋ-	dig up (for planting, not for creating a deep hole)	V (bivalent)
rek		anger	N of experience	V of poss. exp.
remma	rems-	be(come) or make cool, cold (of drinks and food)	V (monovalent)V (bivalent)		INGR-PHASAL
retma		laughter (n.)	N of experience	V of poss. exp.
retma	rett-	laugh	V (monovalent)
ribhak		rope	N
rikma	rikt-	1. pursue, follow, persecute, chase, drive (away); 2. wrap around onself (gamca, etc.)	V (bivalent)V (sesquivalent)	Goal as LOC
rima	ris-	1. spin, turn around, make dizzy; 2. feel dizzy	V (bivalent)V (sesquivalent)	N of poss. exp.	INGR-PHASAL
rimma	rims-	chop, cut into small pieces, cut cross-wise	V (bivalent)
ripma	ript-	stand, rest on, make a step, a pace, put one's foot on something (also metaphorically for taking possession of something)	V (bivalent)
ripma	ript-	twist, plait in order to make a rope	V (bivalent)
ris		anger	N of experience
riŋ		matter, story, language, speech	N
riŋma	riŋs-	1. twist (in general); 2. sound, resound (of a drum)	V (bivalent)
rokma	rokt-	rot, become rotten	V (monovalent)
roma	ros-	fall out (e.g., hair), take out (e.g., the grain out of a maize cob)	V (monovalent)V (bivalent)
rombhetta	rʌmbhetta	tomato	N
romma	roms-	gnaw (a maize pod, an apple), nibble	V (bivalent)
rommu		together	Adverb
ronma	rond-	thrust down, let fall, drop [of inanimate themes]	V (monovalent)V (bivalent)		PUNCTUAL
roti		deep-fried round bread with a hole in it
rotma	rott-	carry, move, shift multiple things one after the other (only with nonsingular U)	V (bivalent)		DELIMITATIVE
roŋma	roŋs-	fall (of trees)	V (monovalent)
rupma	rub-	cut with a sickle	V (bivalent)
rutma	rutt-	collect/gather and staple or heap up (as of maize pods)	V (bivalent)
ruʔwa		bone	N of relation
rʌmbhetta		see rombhetta
sa		who	Pronoun
sa		meat, also the inner part of fruits and trees	N of relation
sabun		soap	N
sak		hunger	N of experience	V of poss. exp.
sakki		thread	N
sakma		breath	N of experience	V of poss. exp.
sakma	sakt-	weed, hoe (by hand; vs. punma)	V (bivalent)
sakmari		throat, neck	N of relation	V of poss. exp.
sakpa		bamboo	N
sakphari	sokphari	bamboo split, bamboo string,	N
sakraŋ		monkey, ape (any kind)	N
sakuma		grasshoper	N
salamma		appetite for meat	N of experience	V of poss. exp.
sam		scent, steam (as when making raksi)	N of relation
samabu		a large tree of which the fibre is cooked and eaten	N
samba		evening	N of relation
sambhik		ginger	N
sambhok		millet	N
samma	sams-	get separated, parted, move, shift to a new place	V (monovalent)V (bivalent)
sanma	sand-	let fall, let drop inadvertently, loose U because U fell (e.g., through a hole of a basket)	V (bivalent)
saruʔwa		money, coins	N
sati		who (unmarked or 'absolutive' form, v. sa-)	Pronoun
satma	sar-	take out (in general)	V (bivalent)
saũa		buffalo-cow, female buffalo	N
saʔwa		a big kind of hornet found in the jungle; the offspring (uchachi) is eaten
saŋma	saŋs-	stretch out, spread out (hand, arm), raise the hand in order to hit	V (bivalent)
sekma	sekt-	purify, clean, remove impurities (from rice; but the regular sifting procedures is called caŋma)	V (bivalent)
semba		night	Adverb
semma	sems-	split, become split, take out fibre, open up a thread/rope, untwist (of a thread, a rope)	V (monovalent)V (bivalent)
semmaŋ		dream state, sleep time	N
senma	send-	separate, select, sift (only of inanimates, by contrast to samma, q.v.)	V (bivalent)
sera		unhusked rice or corn	N
setma	ser-	1. kill; 2. beat (in a contest), win (in a game)	V (bivalent)		TELIC
setma	ser-	get drunken from A	V of transitive experience
seŋma	seŋs-	tear (of tissue, clothes), break (of teeth, pots etc.), go into piecesbrush (teeth)	V (monovalent)V (bivalent)
si		vagina	N of relation	V of poss. exp.
siblik		cockroach	N
sidha		medicine	N
sigip		comb [n.]
sik		louse	N
sik	sip	two	Numeral
sikma	sikt-	stick in
sima	si-	1. die, faint, swoon, evanescate (also of flowers during dry time), evaporate (also of water in the well); 2. be worthless	V (monovalent)		PUNCTUAL
sina		(non-flying) termite, white ant	N
sinma	sind-	pull (leaves from a tree), roll up (sleeves, pants)	V (bivalent)
sip		material for making a Nest (of animals when preparing for birth)	N of relation
sipma	sipt-	get soaked up, absorbed (as of the water) when cooking (rice)	V (monovalent)
sirak		thick quilt	N
siŋba		foreskin	N of relation
siŋbaʔwa		paper money	N
siŋgeleʔwa	siŋgleʔwa	a kind of woodpecker	N
siŋgleʔwa		see siŋgeleʔwa
siŋma	siŋs-	strip back by hand	V (bivalent)
siŋtaŋ		tree	N
sobhetta		bean	N
sogamuŋ		hair on limbs	N of relation
sokma	sokt-	push through (e.g. a needle through a hole), push into, penetrate	V (bivalent)
sokphari		see sakphari
som	somphorok	lung	N of relation
soma	so-	wait for U, watch out for U, protect from U, guard against U (as of monkeys), keep in order (as of cars; cf. Germ. warten)	V (bivalent)
somma	soms-	take out (by hand), finger, pick out	V (bivalent)
somphorok		see som
sonma	sond-	displace oneself, move, shift	V (monovalent)
sopma	sopt-	1. stroke affectionately and gently, caress, pat, beat gently (as of the millet for the second time in the chumbu or .dhiki); 2. grope	V (bivalent)
sopma	sopt-	be(come) hoarse, husky	V of possessed experience
sopmu		in whispering voice	Adverb
soŋ		cooked, ripe stage	N of relation
soŋma	soŋd-	get cooked, well-done, done, ready [of food], ripe	V (monovalent)		TELIC
soŋma	soŋd-	(make) move (without goal; as of a freshly slaughtered chicken), shake, tremble, giggle	V (monovalent)V (bivalent)
sua		muscles [only in poss. of experience constructions]	N of experience	V of poss. exp.
subhak		thin bed cover, sheet	N
sukkhai		a kind of small dry fish eaten with chilli and tomato as a pickle	N
sukma	sukt-	lie in wait, in ambush, lurk for U	V (bivalent)
sum		three	Numeral
suma		weary, tiredness (n.)	N of experience	V of poss. exp.
sup		container where to glide in or out sth., i.e., anything where supma, q.v., is possible (e.g, the sheath of knife, the dead skin of a snake, the conatiner of an audio-cassette, etc.)	N of relation
supma	sub-	slip, glide away or off, strip off	V (monovalent)V (bivalent)
surba		any sour edible fruit, lemon, citron	N
sutma	sutt-	smear, rub on, anoint, spread (also of chutney on a cucumber etc.)	V (sesquivalent)	Goal as LOC
tahek		see taŋghek
tak		friend, accompaniment (also of inanimate things that belong together)	N of relation		0
takhumbit		shawl	N
takma	takt-	last long, be durable for so.	V (bivalent)		DELIMITATIVE
takma	takt-	receive, be given, granted, hold open, take [money etc.]	V (bivalent)
talokma	talokt-, ta lokt-	begin, start	light V (transitive)	obl. m-coding Ucitation form	DELIMITATIVE
tam phekma	tam pheg-	weep, cry	V (monovalent)
tama	ta-	come	V (monovalent)	zero goal possible	INGR-PHASAL
tama	tas-	reach, arrive at	V (bivalent)	Goal as LOC	PUNCTUAL
tamma	tams-	pour sth. from one container into another, decant	V (sesquivalent)	Goal as LOC
tamseriŋ		broom, besom	N
tanma	tand-	jump (on one place, without a goal, by constrast to til lokma), hop, leap	V (monovalent)		0
tapma	tapt-	walk around, look for sth. without success	V (monovalent)
taŋ		horn (of an animal), cone, plant, tree, bush	N of relation
taŋ hopma	taŋ hopt-, taŋghopt-	wash one's head, hair	V (monovalent)
taŋghek	tahek, taŋgherek	head	N of relation		0
taŋghok		pillow	N
taŋma	taŋs-	cut down (a tree)	V (bivalent)
taŋma	taŋs-	coagulate (of milk becoming yoghurt, blood, etc.)	V (bivalent)
tekma	tekt-	cut down (e.g. branches)	V (bivalent)
tem		upper part, surface	N of relation
temma	tems-	touch, feel	V (bivalent)
tenma	ten-	beat, hit (in the most general sense; cf. upma and lomma for more specific words)	V (bivalent)		DELIMITATIVE
tepma	tept-	cover, wrap into, hide (by being covered)	V (monovalent)V (bivalent)
tetma	tett-	V-able [of sth. that is judged just acceptable, but not really good]	light verb (intransitive)	bare root	INGR-PHASAL
teŋma	teŋs-	huddle together into sth., press down into sth.		Goal as LOC	PUNCTUAL
tha tokma	tha tog-	know sth.	V (bivalent)		INGR-PHASAL
thali		plate	N
thama	thas-	open (up), widen, rip up (an opening, as of a bag or of the mouth)	V (bivalent)
thamma	thams-	spread out completely, stretch out completely, cover (too much) space by U,	V (bivalent)
thapma	thapt-	winnow (with the winnowing tray; vs. epma, which is more general)	V (bivalent)
thatma	thatt-	roll up ( e.g., a thread, a rope)	V (bivalent)
thaŋgimaŋ		fermented soya beans	N
thaŋma	thaŋ-	go, climb up; metaphorically also for having sex	V (monovalent)
thaŋma	thaŋs-	weigh, use a balance	V (bivalent)
thaŋmalampa		upwards, in an upward direction (TU-angle)	Adverb
thekma	thekt-	1. press or squeeze small things or powdery stuff into sth. (metaphorically also for 'eat'; in an angry tone); 2. get closed, prevented, hindered, suffocated	V (bivalent)V of possessed experience	N of poss. exp.
themma	thems-	be misguided, loose one's way	V (bivalent)
thetma	thett-	be good, nice, profitable for U, be lucky with A	V of transitive experience	citation form
thima	this-	spread out (e.g., of a mat)	V (bivalent)
thipma	thipt-	repeat (words, speech)	V (bivalent)
thiŋma	thiŋs-	prosper, proffer, be(come) plenty, come to full shine	V (monovalent)
thokma	thokt-	prick, sting, pierce, stab, stitch (together leaves with stings to produce toppora)	V (bivalent)
thomma	thoms-	distended, tense, strained, stiff	V of possessed experience	N of poss. exp.
thona		decency, (social) wisdom, well-behaviour	N of experience	V of poss. exp.
thona thona		non-decently, the wrong way	Adverb
thopma	thopt-	hide (onself) [tr.] (actively)	V (bivalent)	Goal as LOC
thotma	thott-	stiff, paralyzed	V of possessed experience	N of poss. exp.	INGR-PHASAL
thoŋma	thoŋs-	reconcile, join, agree [tr.] (of inaminates only, by contrast to toŋma)	V (bivalent)
thukma	thukt-	1. cook (with liquid, by contrast to khoma and uma); 2. sting [of insects with retractable sting]	V (bivalent)		PUNCTUAL
thupma	thupt-	touch slightly (vs. lopma)	V (sesquivalent)	Instr as ERG
thuŋma	thuŋs-	cook, set up for cooking	V (bivalent)
tikma	tikt-	pierce, penetrate, thread (beads on a string) (vs. sokma wich presupposes that there is already a hole)	V (bivalent)
til lokma	til lokt-	jump from one place to another, jump down or off from sth.	V (monovalent+)	Source as MEDSource as ABL
tillokma		see til lokma
tima	tis-	1. give away and forget where to, spend carelessly; 2. pleased	V (monovalent)V (bivalent)V of possessed experience	V of poss. exp.	INGR-PHASAL
timma	tims-	press down, oppress, press, print
tiŋ		needle (natural needle as of a tree; not 'needle' in the sense of an instrument for sewing, which is chomet, q.v.)	N of relation
tiŋgiba		a sharp picking branch	N
tiŋgilik		claw (of animals only)	N of relation
tiŋma	tiŋs-	kick	V (bivalent)
tokma	tok-	1. find, get, receive ; 2. give birth [tr.], get a child,; 3. can, have or get the opportunity or chance to	V (bivalent)light V (transitive)	obl. m-coding Ucitation form	PUNCTUAL
tokma	tokt-	hit against sth.	V (sesquivalent)	Goal as LOC
toma	tos-	push by force (as of a bus that broke down)	V (bivalent)		DELIMITATIVE
tombhira		lynx	N
tomma	toms-	get suffocated	V (monovalent)
tomma	toms-	give support, support, hold, rest, keep above or on top of something	V (sesquivalent)	Instr as ERG
tonma	ton-d-	(sexually) aroused (of penis or vagina only)	V of possessed experience	N of poss. exp.	INGR-PHASAL
tonma	tond-	dig up (of pigs only, vs. raŋma which is general)	V (bivalent)
topmaŋ		stick on which porters rest their loads when halting	N
toppara		leaf plate
toraŋ		see torhaŋ
torhaŋ	toraŋ	door	N
totma	tott-	push away (e.g., people) by hand (e.g., in the bus)	V (bivalent)
toʔwa		chare, work or allotted task on the field, allotted part or field to be worked on	N of relation
toʔwari		nape muscles (vs. kuruŋ which refers to the neck or nape as a whole)	N of relation
toŋgheŋ		mosquito	N
toŋma	toŋs-	1. (get to or make to) fit, agree, sort (out), reconcile, join, come or bring together; 2. respond (e.g., by saying hajur)	V (monovalent)V (bivalent)		TELIC/DELIM
tu!		up there (in the TU-angle)	Interjection
tukma	tuk-	1. hurt; 2. abklopfen (Staub etc.), abtupfen (Schweiss)	V of possessed experience	N of poss. exp.	INGR-PHASAL
tukma	tukt-	entrap, catch
tuma	tuy- [__V]	1. dig (deeply), dig out, make a hole, [metaphorically:] urinate[metaphorically] urinate; 2. to crash together	V (bivalent)		DELIMITATIVE
tumbhut		knee	N of relation
tumma	tums-	ripen, become ripe, grow, become eadible, digestible (vs. soŋma which is more general)	V (monovalent)
tunma	tun-	burn	V (monovalent)
tupma	tupt-	1. meet (of people, but also e.g., of a river confluence), find; 2. come to know, grasp, know, understand	V (monovalent+)V (bivalent)		TELIC/DELIM
tupma	tupt-	make (fire)	V (bivalent)		INCHOATIVE
u'choũat		new	A
u'siʔwat		dry firewood	N
ucaca		lie [n.] (only in a seriuos sense, for 'lie' as a joke, see maŋcu)	N
ucaca		lie (serious, by contrast to maŋca which can also be meant jokingly)	N of relation
uchirumet		rest, small amount of sth. (only for drinks and water)	N of relation
ucotluŋghek		fire stone	N
uhop		see wahop
ukma	ukt-	bring down U	V (bivalent)
ukurik	ukurikmu, -kha, -na, ukrik-	bent part	A
uma	u+r-	be(come) three-dimensionally extended	V (monovalent)		INCHO/DELIM
uma	u+r-	fry, roast, parch, bake (in a pan or leaf without stirring, as of eggs, bred or a maize pod)	V (bivalent)
un		he, she [pronoun for the third person singular]	Pronoun
unma	und-	shorten	V (bivalent)
upma	up-	smithbeat (up) (with the fist, a stone etc.; vs. lomma which is noe by a stick; tenma is general)	V (sesquivalent)	Instr as ERG
uŋma	uŋs-	to come down	V (monovalent)		DELIMITATIVE
uŋma	uŋ-	drink, smoke	V (bivalent)
wa		chicken	N
wa yukma		see wayukma
wa'remba		tomorrow	Adverb
wa'remba		tomorrow	Adverb
wa'reŋ	wa'reŋba	in the future	Adverb
wa-	-watt- (past)	the negative suppletion forms of yuŋma, q.v.
wabhuruk	wabruk	cucumber	N
wabruk		see wabhuruk
wachetluŋ		whetstone
wacilet		small chicken	N
waepma		thirst	N of experience	V of poss. exp.
wahop	wuhop, uhop	calebasse	N
wain		chicken egg	N
wakma	wakt-	collect, drive home (cattle)	V (bivalent)
walapcuk		butterfly	N
wama	was-	walk, wander, roam	V (monovalent)
wamara		hen	N
wamma	wamd-	scratch, scrape	V (bivalent)
wanam		head strap or band for carrying load	N
wancabaŋ		young man, adolescent, youth	N
waroŋma	waroŋd-	boil, cook solid food (e.g., eggs or potatoes in water; not for liquids)	V (bivalent)
wasaŋribu		a kind of tree (cf. the clan name wasaŋgri)	N
watchik		necklace of coins	N
watma	war-	wear, put on [clothes etc.]	V (bivalent)		TELIC/DELIM
watma	watt-	walk [tr.], take for a walk (e.g., of children to quiet them), drive (cattle), cause to move around	V (bivalent)
waton		sty, sore in the eye	N
wayukma	wayukt- ,wa yukt-	get wet	V (monovalent)		INCHOATIVE
waŋma	waŋs-	fit (in), have enough space	V (monovalent+)
wekma	wekt-	whet, smoth, grind	V (bivalent)
wekma	weg-	peel, cut off the skin of sth. (e.g., potatoes, fruits) with a knife
wema	wes-	overflow, spill over (because it's too full; metaphorically also a vulgar expression for having sex)	V (sesquivalent)V (monovalent)	Source MEDGoal as LOC	INGR-PHASAL
wesumaŋ		bee	N
wesumaŋ ua		honey	N
wet		rain [n.], rainy season	N
wet tama		rain [v.]	V (monovalent)		0
wuhop		see wahop	N
ya		see ya'haʔwa
ya phekma	ya phekt-	call so.	V (bivalent)
ya'haʔwa	ya	rice paddy	N
yakcubi		a kind of yams, the root of a kind of arum lilly (calladium auramciae, acc. to Turner)	N
yakma	yag-	take shelter (for at least one day), stay overnight	V (monovalent)
yam		body [only in poss. of experience constructions]	N of experience	V of poss. exp.
yama	yas-	hurt (of teeth only)
yanam		corn spread out to dry	N
yanma	yand-	be sharp	V (monovalent)		DELIMITATIVE
yatma	yatt-	be sharp, cut sharply (of knives)	V (bivalent)		DELIMITATIVE
yaŋdoŋ		tightly woven basket (without holes)	N
yaŋma	yaŋs-	hit a goal (said of the projectile, not of the person aiming)	V (bivalent)
yaŋmen		grandson, granddaughter, grandchild, grandnephew, grandniece	N of relation
yembicha		man, male, husband (cf. German ihr Mann)	NN of relation
yemma	yems-	make stand, turn upright, stop	V (bivalent)
yepma	yeb-	rise, stand up, stand, come to a stand, stop (from moving)	V (monovalent)		INGR-PHASAL
yeti		what	Pronoun
yoksima	yoksi-	be or get frightened, startled, terrified, shocked etc.
yomma	yoms-	reduce, get reduced, become less (weight, price etc.)	V (monovalent)V (bivalent)
yopma	yob-	make small(er), shorten, crumble (by hand)	V (bivalent)
yoŋci		big sieve made of bamboo for sifting rice, etc. (vs. cokpa which is for beer and has finer holes)	N
yoŋma	yoŋs-	1. stop raining, calm down (of the wind); 2. shake (a tree, vs. wanma which is general)	V (bivalent)
yu!		over there (in the YU-angle)	Interjection
yukgatma	yukgatt-	see yukma
yum		salt	N
yuma	yu-	descend, go down(hill), go in to MU-angle	V (monovalent)
yumalampa		downwards	Adverb
yuŋma	yuŋ-	1. sit (down); 2. be (begin to be) at a certain place [of animate beings only] (e.g., be at work, be home)	V (monovalent)		INCHO/DELIM
yuŋma	yuŋŋas- [past], yuŋŋa [temporary], wa-, watt- [negative, negative past]	[the existential generic copula 'exist, be available, be' [of movable entities only]]	V (monovalent)		0
yuŋma	yuŋs-	keep sth., keep U as an employee	V (bivalent)
ŋa	a	the oblique case suffix: ergative, instrumental, causal; clause-topic	Case
ŋahak	-hak [_V]	genitive case	Case
ŋama	ŋas-	be greedy, stingy, miserly (of so. who doesn't give away things easily; vs. cittaŋ, q.v.)	V (monovalent)		DELIMITATIVE
ŋasa		fish	N
ŋatlabu		banana	N
ŋema	ŋes-	count	V (bivalent)
ŋka		I [pronoun for the first singular person]	Pronoun
ŋke		we [first person plural inclusive], our [first person plural inclusive possessive prefix]	PronounNoun-Pf
ŋkeŋ		we [first person plural exclusive], our [first person plural exclusive possessive prefix]	PronounNoun-Pf
ŋoteŋba		husband's younger brother	N of relation
ŋoteŋma		husband's younger sister	N of relation
ŋoĩsima	ŋoĩsi-	shame (v.)	V (monovalent)		DELIMITATIVE